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Copyright 2006 The Coalition to Prevent Lead Poisoning
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The National Center for Healthy Housing is a good source for current research on the effects of lead paint poisoning.

Overviews of Lead Poisoning

  • Binder S, Falk H. Strategic Plan for the Elimination of Childhood Lead Poisoning. Atlanta, Ga: Public Health     Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; 1991.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children. Atlanta, Ga: Dept of Health and Human Services; 1991.

  • Lanphear BP. The paradox of lead poisoning prevention [published erratum appears in Science 1998 Oct 2;   282(5386):51] [see comments]. Science.281 (5383):1617-8, 1998 Sep 11.
  • Lanphear BP. Byrd RS. Auinger P. Schaffer SJ. Community characteristics associated with elevated blood lead  levels in children. Pediatrics. 101(2):264-71, 1998 Feb. Pub Med ID: 9445502
  • Needleman HL. Childhood lead poisoning: the promise and abandonment of primary prevention [see comments] [Review] [38 refs] American Journal of Public Health. 88(12):1871-7, 1998 Dec.

Prevention of Lead Poisoning

Lead's Effect on IQ
  • Lanphear BP. Dietrich K. Auinger P. Cox C. Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 microg/dL in U.S. children and adolescents. Public Health Reports. 115(6):521-9, 2000 Nov-Dec. (abstract) Pub Med ID: 11354334
  • Soong WT. Chao KY. Jang CS. Wang JD. Long-term effect of increased lead absorption on intelligence of children. Archives of Environmental Health. 54(4):297-301, 1999 Jul-Aug.
  • Payton M, Riggs KM, Spiro A, Weiss ST, Hu H. Relations of bone and blood lead to cognitive function: the VA Normative Aging Study. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1998; 20:19-27.
  • Schwartz J. Low-level lead exposure and children's IQ: a meta-analysis and search for a threshold. Environ Res. 1994; 65:42-55.

Lead's Effect on Children’s Classroom Performance
  • Bellinger DC, Stiles KM, Needleman HL. Low-level lead exposure, intelligence, and academic achievement: a long-term follow-up study. Pediatrics. 1992; 90:855-861.
  • Needleman, HL, Gunnoe, C, Leviton, A et al (1979) Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance in children with elevated dentine lead levels. NEJM 300, 584-695.

Lead's Effect on Juvenile Delinquency & Adult Criminality
  • Dietrich KN, Ris MD, Succop PA, Berger OG, Bornschein RL. Early exposure to lead and juvenile delinquency. Neurotox Teratol. 2001; 23:511-8.
  • Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN. The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:83-8.

Lead's Effect on Children's Brain Development
  • Goldstein GW. Needleman HL, editors. Human Lead Exposure. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1992; Developmental Neurobiology of Lead Toxicity. p. 125-35.
  • Patrick GW, Anderson GW. Dendritic Alterations of Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons in Postnatally Lead-Exposed Kittens. Developmental Neuroscience 2000; 22:320-328.

Lead's Effect on Overall Child Development
  • Davis JM, Svendsgaard DJ. Lead and child development. Nature. 1987; 329:298-300.

Lead During Pregnancy
  • Gardella C. Lead exposure in pregnancy: a review of the literature and argument for routine prenatal screening. [Review] [51 refs] Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 56(4):231-8, 2001 Apr.

Lead and Lactation

Lead in Bone–A Measure of Cumulative Exposure, and Endogenous Source of Continued Poisoning

  • Hu H, Milder FL, Burger DE. X-ray fluorescence: issues surrounding the application of a new tool for measuring burden of lead. Environmental Research 1989; 49(2):295-317.
  • Hu H, Milder FL, Burger DE. X-ray fluorescence measurements of lead burden in subjects with low-level community lead exposure. Archives of Environmental Health 1990; 45(6):335-41.
  • Hu H, Rabinowitz M, Smith D. Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: conceptual paradigms. [Review] [94 refs].[Abstract] Environmental Health Perspectives 1998; 106(1):1-8.
  • Hu H, Watanabe H, Payton M, Korrick S, Rotnitzky A. The relationship between bone lead and hemoglobin. JAMA 1994; 272(19):1512-7.
  • H. Hu and M. Hernandez-Avila. Invited Commentary: Lead, Bones, Women, and Pregnancy-–The Poison Within? Am. J. Epidemiol, December 15, 2002; 156(12):1088-1091.

Lead's Contribution to Dental Caries
  • Moss ME. Lanphear BP. Auinger P. Association of dental caries and blood lead levels [see comments]. JAMA. 281(24):2294-8, 1999 Jun 23-30.

Costs to Society of Continued Childhood Lead Poisoning
  • Muir T, Zegarac M. Societal costs of exposure to toxic substances: Economic and health costs of four case studies that are candidates for environmental causation. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109(suppl 6):885-903. Pub Med ID: 11744507
  • Grosse, Scott D., Matte, Thomas, Schwartz, Joel, and Richard Jackson; Economic Gains Resulting from the Reduction in Children's Exposure to Lead in the United States, Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 110, Number 6 (June 2002)
  • Salkever, David; Updated Estimates of Earnings Benefits from Reduced Exposure of Children to Environmental Lead, Environmental Research, 70,1-6 (1996).
  • Schwartz, Joel; Societal Benefits of Reducing Lead Exposure, Environmental Research, 66, 105-124 (1994)

Mechanism of Lead Exposure
  • Lanphear BP, Matte TD, Rogers J, The contribution of lead-contaminated house dust and residential soil to children's blood lead levels: a pooled analysis of 12 epidemiologic studies. Environ Res 1998; 79:51-68 [CrossRef][Medline]
  • Charney E. Sayre J, Coulter M. Increased lead absorption in inner city children: where does the lead come from? Pediatrics 1980;65:226-31.

Interventions-–Screening and Environmental Interventions
  • Markowitz M. Rosen JF. Clemente I. Clinician follow-up of children screened for lead poisoning. American Journal of Public Health. 89(7):1088-90, 1999 Jul.

Interventions–Dust Control

  • Lanphear BP. Howard C. Eberly S. Auinger P. Kolassa J. Weitzman M. Schaffer SJ. Alexander K. Primary prevention of childhood lead exposure: A randomized trial of dust control. Pediatrics. 103(4 Pt 1):772-7, 1999 Apr.
  • Lanphear BP, Winter NL Apetz L, Eberly S, Weitzman M. A randomized trial of the effect of dust control on children's blood lead levels. Pediatrics, Jul 1996; 98:35-40.

Interventions-–Housing \ Lead-Based Paint Abatement

  • Farfel MR, Chisholm JJ Jr, Rohde CA. The longer-term effectiveness of residential lead paint abatement Environ Res. 1994; 66:217-221.

Long-term Health Concerns after exposure to lead
  • Carlos Roncal, Wei Mu, Sirirat Reungjui, Kyung Mee Kim, George N. Henderson, Xiaosen Ouyang, Takahiko Nakagawa, and Richard J. Johnson. Lead, at low levels, accelerates arteriolopathy and tubulointerstitial injury in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, Oct 2007; 293: F1391-F1396.